In this famous essay, late theologian J. I. Packer analyzes Scripture and the works of early Reformers to defend the truth of Christ’s substitutionary suffering and death, the heart of the Christian gospel. Considered one of the most significant short works on penal substitutionary atonement from the 20th century, What Did The Cross Achieve? is a careful, concise essay that has influenced prominent theologians and is essential reading for students, pastors, and laypeople.